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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">电网现状和未来</h1>
        

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        <h2 id="导读"><a href="#导读" class="headerlink" title="导读"></a>导读</h2><p><strong>由于用电问题困扰了中国这个人口大国很久，于是也开始筹备智慧电网了。</strong></p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h2 id="什么是电网？"><a href="#什么是电网？" class="headerlink" title="什么是电网？"></a>什么是电网？</h2><p>现如今，我们的日常生活、游戏娱乐、工作生产等等非常依赖电力，甚至无法想象没有电会给人们带来怎样的空虚与恐慌。而在中国这样一个人口大国，14亿人的用电问题将是一个很严峻的挑战。取电已经到了一定的瓶颈，所以如何<strong>减少浪费</strong>将是另一个很重要的课题。</p>
<p><img src="https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/emoji/nopower.jpg" alt="没电了"></p>
<p><strong>电网</strong>正是处理这样一个问题的解决方案。电网将所有的用户<strong>织成了一张大网</strong>，每个人都在这张网上享有一定的电力。用这个电力，你可以维持你这个节点的正常运作。这正是传统电网的所有功能（<del><em>其实就一个功能</em></del>）。但是，随着需求越来越复杂、实际情况越来越多样，传统电网逐渐暴露出了越来越多的缺点。每当出现意外停电之后，我们除了一脸蒙圈地看着黑黑的屋子发呆，就只能对着电力热线乱发脾气，然后就只能空等着不知道什么时候才能回来的电力。如果你现在正在用电脑写文档，没有保存的你只能在停电之后思考人生。</p>
<p><img src="https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/emoji/down.jpg" alt="难受" width=350 /></p>
<p>所以，为了迎合变化多端的电力需求，就推出了智能电网。用户可以像购买云服务器一样按需升降配，也能够随时启动随时关闭。其中除了完成传统电网的所有功能外，还要加上对用户电力的动态管理、分析用户用电习惯并智能调节、快速定位故障位置并告知检修员和用户等等。</p>
<p><strong>举个简单的例子：</strong></p>
<p>你和几只猫娘住在一个<strong>有些年代</strong>的小区了，<strong>传统电网</strong>将每一家每一户都关联了起来。这里电路、网路都能满足需求。但是，这几年夏天明显热了好几个度，整个小区空调用电<strong>急剧升高</strong>。不是夏天的时候还凑合，结果一到夏天是不是就因为<strong>电路过载就大范围停电了</strong>。你、你的猫娘们和你的邻居们都热得没有办法。</p>
<p><img src = "https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/emoji/annoy.jpg" width=350 alt="生气" /></p>
<p>有一天，你攒够钱了，去了一个高档小区，架设了<strong>智能电网</strong>。虽然有些偏，但是非常宜居。你们经常开着四人座电驱动小汽车出门、开浴霸洗澡、电吹风、电饭煲、电压力锅……<strong>因为人多</strong>，所以你们的电压也明显比原来屋子里的<strong>电压大</strong>，而且电压非常稳定。即使是空调大开的夏天，猫娘和你们的房间也都能稳定制冷，你们每晚睡得都很安稳。</p>
<p><img src="https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/emoji/sigoi.jpg" alt="厉害了" width=350 /></p>
<p>由于你运气非常不错，营收额多了一倍，于是你带着猫娘出去大玩特玩了一周。在这一周内，你们家<strong>所有的用电都停了</strong>，于是你们被分配的<strong>电压也降低了</strong>，多余的电压就<strong>分配给其他的住户了</strong>。可能是你的邻居，也可能是城市另一端的某个陌生人。管他呢，总之你们家的电压因为长时间不用而被减少了。</p>
<p><img src="https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/emoji/np.jpg" alt="牛批的很"></p>
<p>这就是<strong>传统电网</strong>和<strong>智能电网</strong>之间的区别。</p>
<h2 id="电网的生态"><a href="#电网的生态" class="headerlink" title="电网的生态"></a>电网的生态</h2><p>别忘了，电网可是相当底层的技术，所以在这个项目之上理应有<strong>许多小项目</strong>来构成整个生态。就像你<strong>不能光有猫娘</strong>，这样不足以让她生活；还的有对应的猫粮、梳毛器、小鱼干、毛绒玩具、猫爬架等等，才是一个美好的生活环境。</p>
<p>所以，现在就衍生出了多个子项目：客户报障系统（<em>TCT</em>）、地理信息系统（<em>GIS</em>）、营销系统（<em>CMS</em>）、计量系统（<em>AMI</em>）、生产管理系统（<em>PMS</em>）、设计规划（<em>DCS</em>）等等，每个子项目都代表了一个服务，每个服务提供不同的功能。</p>
<p><img src="https://ss1.baidu.com/6ONXsjip0QIZ8tyhnq/it/u=1976883394,2771927944&amp;fm=173&amp;app=25&amp;f=JPEG?w=640&amp;h=425&amp;s=510366B852C072E7DE94C9480300F0E3" alt="智能电网"></p>
<p>这个图来自<strong>我爱阳光明媚</strong>的<a href="https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1613397434596286148&amp;wfr=spider&amp;for=pc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">什么是智能电网？智能电网有哪些特征？</a>，其中智能电网的每一个小模块都代表一个小服务，对应了一个小方向。由上而下的多级管理制度更方便了用电的调度和调节，具体的管理细节就是<strong>工程管理</strong>的知识了。每个调节的地方需要实时监测保障安全和正常使用，这就是仪器仪表的<strong>知识</strong>；调度时考虑每个节点的安全和线路的消耗和规划，这又是电气的知识了；发电能源再从核能发电、火力发电逐渐过渡到风力、水力、地热等等清洁能源，这也是化工的知识；因为是生态，所以在原理上有非常多的内容是相互交叉的，所以在子项目之间如何解耦却又高聚合又是一大问题。这又开始了<strong>软件工程</strong>的知识……</p>
<p>就这么简简单单地一列举，是不是觉得这个电网项目简直就是一项体量超级大的项目？</p>
<h2 id="全球的电网现状"><a href="#全球的电网现状" class="headerlink" title="全球的电网现状"></a>全球的电网现状</h2><p>现在中国的<strong>大部分</strong>城市依然还是使用传统电网，智能电网<strong>起步非常晚</strong>，政策少、标准少。但是面对<strong>14亿人的超大量用电</strong>问题，智能电网的升降配等操作都有很大的困难等待我们的挑战。另外，之前的传统电网都是单纯的电路连接，并不具备智能。如果全部修改成智能，需要大量的传感器、收发器、探测器等等，改造难度不亚于全部拆掉重新建。</p>
<p>国外起步较早，但因为各国发展现状和发展理念不一样，各有侧重。</p>
<p>欧洲电力行业更倾向于清洁能源和环保，毕竟是全球首先发达的几个地区之一，正在慢慢去工业化并更侧重环保；日本由于国土面积小、资源有限，能源可再生、节能降耗则是日本电网的基调；英国国家电网将整个国家分成11个区，每个区设置3到7个变电站和一个经理，每个变电站都有一名工程师和一队操作队。由于系统较中国成熟，所以已经实现了无人值班，并且工程师定期维修检查的制度。在美国，虽然全国被分为完全独立的几个州，电网不能够完全全球联网统一调度，但是美国依然完成了输电线路监测和和输电统通信网，还有配电系统、智能电表和用户侧系统，其中用户侧还包含家庭显示器、可编程恒温器、动态电价计量器等等。</p>
<p>当然，正因为电网是一整个生态，所以这些国家在建设的时候花费了不小的代价。首先是每家每户的传统电表改造成智能电表，并且政府、煤气电力市场等多方面提供了巨额科研经费以供智慧电网的架设和铺开。</p>
<h2 id="我国电网所面临的挑战"><a href="#我国电网所面临的挑战" class="headerlink" title="我国电网所面临的挑战"></a>我国电网所面临的挑战</h2><p>虽然电网建设了一整个包括营销、计量等的完整生态，但建设智能电网的最终目的还是回到了能源。以前的传统电网使用了煤炭、核能等不可再生而且污染严重的能源，而现如今的电网已经大量投入使用清洁能源，比如西南的太阳能、西北的风能等等。</p>
<p>但是正如刚刚所说，太阳能、风能等等分布并不是非常紧凑，反而非常分散；同时绝大部分的用电却又在我国东南部，造成了供电和用电的地理位置上的割裂。所以对于大容量储能还是有所不足，能源出现和能源使用的地方随机性太大。</p>
<p>不过也不用太担心，在电网中我们可以建立虚拟电厂，也就是VPP，全称<em>Virtual Power Plant</em>。虚拟电厂能够将一个片区的电力集中在一起，然后使用智能调控系统进行统一的管理。简单地概括，就是国家有电，你也要电，所以虚拟电厂就充当中介的作用，收集电、发配电。</p>
<p><img src="https://sakebow.gitee.io/images/电网/VPP.png" alt="VPP架构图"></p>
<p>理论上，不管片区多大都是可以集中的，但是考虑到成本问题，一般不会这么无谋。至于智能调控系统，就是刚刚提到的整个生态的系统了。传统电网的面向群体是一个小团体，可能是一个小区，也可能是一个别墅群，也可能是一栋筒子楼，剩下进入家家户户的还是得自行预估、设计、测算、牵线等等，麻烦但是无奈。而智能电网面向的群体则是个体用户，用得多得的多，用的少得的少。</p>
<p>听起来非常不错？但是挑战依然还有很多。如果是面向群体，那么一整个群体就能够共享、调节，最终达到一个稳定的用电标准。既然已经决定面向个体，那么就没有调节的余地了，这也就意味着电网将要面对无数完全不同的复杂需求进行严苛的调整。一户人家只有他一个大龄单身<del>死肥</del>宅，所以用电除了大量的空调就是全天候的电脑用电；你们家有很多只猫娘，从微波炉、电饭煲，到浴霸、热水器，再有空调、地暖，以及电脑和电视甚至电动小汽车等等应有尽有的电器用电，所以需要更多、更稳定、更复杂的管理；还有一家只有一只小小的猫娘，用电水平较低，所以分配较为轻松，但是也不能因为较为轻松所以完全放弃了这一家的正常用电；最后一家是一个到处寻找商机的商人，常年不在家，所以还需要给这位商人一个随时关停家庭用电的远程开关……</p>
<h2 id="我国电网未来的展望"><a href="#我国电网未来的展望" class="headerlink" title="我国电网未来的展望"></a>我国电网未来的展望</h2><p>在智能电网中，最大的方便之处估计就是自愈系统了。传统电力中，你只能等电网公司慢慢报故障、检查工人慢慢找故障、修理工人慢慢慢慢修故障；而在智能电网中，通过类似<code>SpringCloud</code>分布式集群中的熔断机制，能够暂时缓解小范围的断路故障，也能通过对各种各样的探测器传回总部的各种数值的大数据分析得出故障最可能发生的地点，然后让检修工人第一时间赶往现场，并通过<code>GIS</code>系统实时报告故障地址和检修工人的地址与进度。</p>
<p>是不是听起来就很方便？当然，到这里还不算结束。</p>
<p>中国高层已经安排了计划，要求建设运营好“两网”，分别是“<strong>坚强智能电网</strong>”和“<strong>泛在电力物联网</strong>”。</p>
<p>听起来就是两个新鲜的高端词汇？然而“坚强智能电网”即将完成了，就是：</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>以特高压为主干网架</strong>，核心使用<strong>传感技术</strong>，利用传感器对<strong>温度在线监测装置</strong>、<strong>断路器在先监测装置</strong>、<strong>避雷器在先监测装置</strong>、<strong>容性设备在线监测装置</strong>等关键设备进行实时监控，通过网络系统整合所有传感数据，通过<strong>数据分析</strong>和<strong>数据挖掘</strong>，协助电力系统的<strong>优化管理</strong>。</p>
<p>——摘自百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/坚强智能电网" target="_blank" rel="noopener">坚强电网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>什么？你让我说人话？就是说从电厂出发的电是最强的，然后在运输线沿线各个地方放些传感器，然后让专门的人看看这些传感器的数据又没有问题、要不要修；同时，普通用户也能够看到一些他们自己非常关心的数据，譬如账户余额、家庭用电量什么的，来满足日常生活和突发事故排查以及报障。</p>
<p>这就是“坚强智能电网”，首先是“<strong>坚强</strong>”，然后是“<strong>智能</strong>”。优先保障电力的稳定，然后在这个的基础上保持一定的智能。</p>
<p>那么“泛在电力物联网”又是什么？先从字面上理解，“泛在”一词，顾名思义，意为“<strong>广泛存在的</strong>”，就像是我们现在人手一部手机一样，见怪不怪了。“电力物联网”应当放在一起，因为是<strong>由电力作为媒介传递信息的万物互联而构成的网</strong>。只要是用电的，无论是工厂、办公室还是小商店，都能够实时监控；每个人都像一个行走的结构体，各个字段信息像血肉一样丰富了信息时代的你。</p>
<p>接下来我们看看官方怎么解释：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>国网公司做出两个阶段的战略安排：</p>
<p>到2021年初步建成泛在电力物联网，基本实现业务协同和数据贯通，初步实现统一物联管理，各级智慧能源综合服务平台具备基本功能，支撑电网业务与新兴业务发展。<br>到2024年建成泛在电力物联网，全面实现业务协同、数据贯通和统一物联管理，公司级智慧能源综合服务平台具备强大功能，全面形成共建共治共享的能源互联网生态圈。</p>
<p>——摘自百度百科【<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/泛在电力物联网" target="_blank" rel="noopener">泛在电力物联网</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>百度百科的这一条可以说是基本上阐述了泛在电力物联网的目的，挖掘核心价值，就是“万物互联”、“能源服务”和“生态建设”。</p>
<p>万物互联是一个很庞大的图景。有多庞大？就像是单凭一个人画出清明上河图那么庞大。不是完不成，而是需要面对很多挑战。图景里有些什么呢？大到港口运了几千万吨货物，小到今天生产了多少罐猫粮；重要到今天印了多少钞票，普通到你今天看了多少<del>R18</del>图片……是不是不由得默默咽了一口唾沫？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>2018年，国往信通工作会议上就提出了“打造全业务泛在电力物联网，建设指挥企业，引领具有卓越竞争力的世界一流能源互联网企业建设”的工作目标，并提出了建设“国网-电力物联网”，简称<code>SG-eIoT</code>，即<code>electric Internet of Things</code>。</p>
<p>——摘自搜狐新闻【<a href="https://sohu.com/a/299805908_99947185" target="_blank" rel="noopener">什么是“泛在电力物联网”？要建立一个什么样的泛在电力物联网？</a>】</p>
</blockquote>
<p>大力发展智能电网的目的，主要就是为了能够打通终端、网络、平台、运维和安全五大体系，构建一个非常完整的生态，同时打通输电、变电、配电、用电、卖电五大场景，统一管理、统一协调，并实现各类终端设备的热插拔。到了那个时候，不管你是工厂添置设备，还是数据中心追加服务器集群，还是街边添加自助售货机，都是插上电立马给你一条龙服务。</p>
<p>当然，有大项目就得用大技术。预计这次会用到“大云物移智”，即大数据、云计算、物联网、移动互联网和人工智能。不过，感觉像是留了一手一样的，国家电网一点口号都没有喊，甚至都没有大肆宣传任何一点小成就，突然“坚强智能电网”就要建好了，突然就声明2024年需要建好智能电网，突然就声明2030年能够接入<code>SG-IoT</code>网络的设备达到20亿台。可以看到国家电网已经有相当的实力了。</p>
<p>未来肯定是美好的，我也相信学术界和商业圈都已经做好准备了。</p>

      
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